Manufacturing Plan For Wing Of PAV

Manufacturing processes are differed according to the fabrication techniques such as sheet metal forming and machining processes. For the wings of a new personal air vehicle (PAV); skins ands ribs are produced by sheet metal forming process and spars are produced by machining process. Finally all produced parts are assembled together to produce final wing structure. In addition, since the components that build up ailerons and flaps are very similar to wing structure, manufacturing techniques applied for skins, ribs and spars are also valid for them. Since there should be actuator and hinge fittings to connect ailerons and flaps to wing structure, they are considered in machined parts manufacturing process section. SKIN MANUFACTURING Manufacturing process of skins is shown in Figure -1; Figure-1 [1] Tools for sheet metal forming Operations; Stretching Dies, Drill fixtures, drill plates, holding tools First Cut Aluminums Raw Materials are cut by shearing machine or hand router to get available sizes for manufacturing with much enough excess portions. Heat Treatment Blanks are then solution heat treated to provide necessary mechanical properties to the parts. Heat treatment operations are done according to the design requirements which are defined by engineering drawings. Heat treatment processes are applied to make parts generally T4, T5 or T6 tempers. Stretch Forming – Skins On the stretch press, skins are stretch formed and their tooling holes are marked. After removing the skins from stretch presses, the marked tooling holes are drilled for succeeding assembly operations. An example of stretch forming process is shown in Figure – 2. Figure – 2 [2] Skin Routing Routing operation could be done with two techniques; The first one is using a routing shell tool which has two parts which have exactly same form of the skin. The skin is then located in between them which is fixed with the tooling holes previously opened after stretching and a hand router is traveled around the tool to shape the skin to its final contour. A photo of a router shell is shown in Figure – 3. The second technique is using a five axis gantry routing centre with flexible vacuum assisted table. The skin is positioned with the aids of vacuum assisted columns as shown in Figure -4 and tooling holes are used to set the machining coordinate axes. Figure – 3 [3] Figure – 4 [4] During routing operation, tack holes are also drilled. Also during routing operation, excess portions like access openings or some pockets are removed from the skin. Surface Treatment Surface treatment operations are also defined by the engineering drawings. Some of the surface treatment operations applied are rinsing for cleaning, chromic acid anodizing, primer and coating for corrosion prevention. Primer coating and painting are also called as Chemical Conversion Coating (CCC) which is beneficial for fatigue prevention. In our case, chromic acid anodizing is applied to 2024 skins for preventing corrosion and paving the way for painting. Before chromic acid anodizing, fine holes should be masked to keep dimensions accurate. A typical anodise process would consist of a solvent wash and/ or an alkaline clean to remove any oils or greases from the surface. followed by a de-oxidiser stage to remove the natural oxide film from the surface, followed by chromic acid. This gives you a clean oxide free surface which once anodised will give better adhesion of the anodised layer. There is a water rinse stage between each tank to prevent contamination of the bath solutions. From there you have two choices, spray directly onto te anodise ‘honeycomb' structure which will give good paint adhesion, or seal the anodised layer for enhanced corrosion protection but poorer paint adhesion. Painting Finally, primer, top coat and final paint are applied on the skin. RIB (SHEET METAL) MANUFACTURING Manufacturing process of ribs is shown in Figure – 5; Figure – 5 [1] Tools for sheet metal forming Operations; Hydro press forming dies, Drill fixtures, drill plates, holding tools The main difference of manufacturing of ribs from skins is hydro press forming process instead of stretch forming. Hydro press Forming After heat treatment, blanks become ready to be formed. In aerospace industry fluid cell forming (hydro press forming) is frequently used for forming operation. That is mostly because of the reality that aircraft parts are manufactured in small quantities and parts are mostly different in geometry. Therefore it is necessary to manufacture a different tool for every part and that is very costly. Although the machine is quite expensive, to decrease the tooling costs, hydro press forming is preferred since only male dies are necessary to form parts instead of male-female die combination. That is illustrated in the figure. Also another advantage of hydro press forming is that, on the table of the press machine, several tools, with the blanks on them, could be located randomly at once. In one cycle all the parts are formed simultaneously. Also in general press machines are equipped with two tables which make it possible to decrease set up time to half. Some photos related with hydro press forming are shown in Figure – 6. Figure – 6 [4] SPAR, HINGE, RIB AND FITTING MANUFACTURING Manufacturing process for machined parts, spars, hinges, ribs and fittings is shown in Figure-7; Figure – 7 [1] Tools specific to machining operations; Milling fixtures Machining If necessary those parts which will be machined on milling centers, are firstly cut from blocks of raw material to their required stock sizes. They are mostly skin milled. Skin mill is done to obtain a smooth flat plane to locate the stock on the milling machine table. After skin mill, some holes are drilled on the stock for the sake of transportation and fastening on the machine tables or fixtures. For complex milling operations in which there are more than one stages of operations, it is common to use a milling fixture, see Figure -8. Another reason for use of milling fixtures is that in aerospace industry manufacturing tolerances are so tight and geometries are mostly very complex that is why it is necessary to provide same machining conditions and set up for every single part. Milling fixtures are tools, on which stock material is located and clamped. Their main functionality is that they hold the machined part tightly throughout the machining process which prevents machining def ects and dimensional inaccuracies. , Figure – 8 [4] To obtain required dimensional tolerances, some holes require boring. Boring operation removes only a small quantity of material therefore before boring operation the hole must be drilled very close to the final dimension of the hole diameter. Dimensional accuracy of the machined parts are generally checked with the utilization of Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM). These machines are very precise such as they are capable of measuring ten thousands of a millimeter in three dimensional spaces. Although they are quite expensive and they need an air conditioned, humidity controlled and vibration isolated chamber, they are the most accurate and flexible measurement equipments. Shot Peening Machined parts are exposured to shot peening operation. That process is done to remove and minimize the existing surface cracks on the machined parts. Machined parts are generally bear high amount of repetitive tensial and compressive loads and these repetitive loading is mostly the main cause of fatigue failure. Surface cracks are the mostly affected defects from repeated loading and they tend to grow under these conditions. That is why they must be removed or minimized to prevent them to grow and increase the fatigue durability of the part. Surface treatment As explained before both chromic acid anodizing, primer coating and painting are the surface treatment operations applied on the parts to make them resistant to corrosion. Another advantage of these chemical conversion coating processes is that they make the part more durable to the fatigue, since they penetrate to surface cracks, scratches and holes. For instance, pitting is a corrosion type which is more susceptible to such surface defects. Therefore surface treatment processes both provide a protective coating in corrosive environments and they generate a smoother aerodynamic surface, which is a requirement to decrease air drag, especially for the outer surfaces which are in contact with the air during flight. ASSEMBLY OPERATIONS Assembly Operations are shown in Figure – 9; Figure – 9 [1] Tools for assembly operations; Assembly and sub assembly jigs and fixtures Assembly Jig In aerospace fabrication processes, since the parts have very complex geometries and position tolerances are so tight, it necessary to use a fixture to locate parts in their required positions and apply assembly joining operation in these positions without letting them to move. For an air plane wing a single assembly jig could be used for this purpose, see Figure – 10. Figure – 10 [5] Spars are located on the jig. They must have a planar smooth contact surface and they must have previously opened tooling holes. Those holes are used to pin the spar on the jig and some clamps are used to fix the spar in its position. Ribs are located. They are installed on the jig with the utilization contacting surface of spar and some other location surfaces and they are pinned from their tooling holes. Clamps are used to fix ribs in their location. Some of the holes are transferred from ribs to spars or the contrary. Bottom skin is loaded on the jig by the aid of tooling holes on the lugs at each lateral short edge. To wrap the rib spar assembly the skin could be pressed by some belts or some header plates could be used to bring the skin to its required form and clamp it to hold it in its required position. Some of the tack holes on the skin are fastened with clecos, which is a temporary fastener. Pilot holes are drilled to their final sizes and countersinking is applied to locations where countersunk rivets and bolts will be used. After drilling and countersinking is applied parts are separated to remove chips. Before putting parts together again, sealant is applied. Sealant is a viscous chemical isolation material which is a polymer in general (polyurethane, polysulfide, etc). It is applied when it is still in fluid form and it solidifies as a result of chemical reaction which takes place as soon as the sealant is exposed to air. They are used to prevent fluid leakage into internal structural components. This leakage could result catastrophic failure since corrosion which erodes material would work against the mechanical strength and stiffness of the structure. For different purposes and for different locations specific types of sealants are applied. For instance polysulfide based sealant is applied to the surfaces where there is fuel content. For fuel tanks these polysulfide based sealants are used since they withstand the attack of sulfur compounds that are present in fuel. After sealant application, outer skin is brought to close the wing and it is fastened with blind rivets and bolts since it will only be possible to reach rivet from one side. When riveting and bolting completed the wing is removed from the assembly jig and it is sent to paint shop for the application of top coating and painting. After that manufacturing and assembly operations will be completed.

Countryside attraction – New Forest National Park

My countryside attraction is New Forest National Park. This general description of countryside attraction explains the general appeal, impact of location, design features and key points about countryside operation and management. My individual investigation of Exmoor National Park examines each of these features in more detail. By doing a general description first it will help to highlight the key information on countryside attractions that can then be compared with man-made attractions. Countryside location and access: The key difference between countryside and man-made attractions is that the first are natural where as the second can be chosen. In Britain, there are over 10 national parks in various parts of the country but most of the parks are in the north. There are no national parks in the southeast London area. There are a variety of countryside natural attractions including gardens, nature trails, private farms, forests and woodland, wetland, smaller area of open space often used for out-door recreation, wildlife parks, and bird sanctuaries all of which are not national parks, but can be important countryside attractions. The coastal areas of Britain, separate to beaches and resorts, include costal walks, natural wildlife and scenery, which are popular with tourists. Location and access to countryside is important for the following reasons: 1. Promotion of tourism 2. Economic. Countryside tourism earns income for the tourism industry 3. Social. Countryside tourism provides opportunities for education, enjoyment and social entertainment. 4. Environment. The management of the countryside especially in national parks helps protect the environment for the benefit of wildlife, plants, farming animals, local communities, visiting tourists for now and the future. 5. Impacts of location and access can also be negative. Some countryside area attracts high numbers of visitors in peak season, which can have a negative impact on wildlife, farming, local communities, if not controlled. The seasonal popularity of countryside areas and the bad climate in winter can have a negative economic impact on employment, income for businesses and the country balance of payments. Appeal and popularity: The main appeal and popularity of Britain outside its heritage cities and its popular youth culture is the greenery of its countryside heritage, which is uniquely different to natural scenery attractions of other areas in the world. A major appeal and popularity is for a day-trip or short break customers travelling to the countryside on local or regional journeys. The majority of British customers are regional, but that is because there is a national motorway network, with limited rail access, there are also many national domestic tourists. Countryside events such as fetes and agricultural shows are also popular. Many are promoted on television and are especially attracted to the family visitor and international tourist, because of their link to local cultural heritage. In general British countryside has a good image and reputation. But it has suffered seriously from the ‘Foot and Mouth Disease' and competition with city attractions and cheap holidays abroad, especially a seaside product market. The countryside attracts particular interest groups such as schools, educational groups, senior citizens with more time, and enthusiasts of outdoor recreation. Design and technology of countryside: The natural landscape can be protected by managing and controlling access, building, roads, picnic areas, events and view points. Agricultural processors such as drainage, choice of crops, can also be controlled to help protect the nature and appearance of local environments. The location of entrances, exits, car parks, catering facilities, accommodation, can all be design to fit in to natural environment and to limit negative impact. Many rural villages have local government planning control to limit manmade environments, so they are based on local materials and construction methods which help maintain local crafts and traditions, e.g. Cotsworlds, Yorkshire Grystone welsh stone built walls are features of the British countryside that have been protected. Design and technology is also very important for the health and safety and security of access to outdoor recreation, involving water, rivers, lakes and costal areas, mountains with dangerous rock features, isolated areas and countryside that needs to be protected from the dangers of fire or manmade pollution.

Identity – I am an American, not an Asian-American

‘I am an American, not an Asian-American. My rejection of hyphenation has been called race treachery, but it is really a demand that America deliver the promises of its dream to all its citizens equally.' What is identity? Many of us would think that the answer to this question is simple but once placed on the stop and asked to answer it, the answer creates more of an issue than the question. Identity can be defined in many different ways and there is more than one identity. The most obvious of these is an individual identity, regarding one person and their ability to establish their identity and locate themselves. There are also social identities, and collective identities. Usually identity is to do with ideas that are derived from society and often requires some reflexivity as it is to do with being a social being part of a society. It is mostly acquired through social interaction and the meanings we decide of social positions and is often marked through symbols. Identity is all about similarities and differences. These help one identify their sense of self in relation to others who are similar or different. For example it can help identify distinctive characteristics that make one different from others, or identify a shared viewpoint or physical features that make one similar to others. Identity is about how we think about ourselves, other people around us and what we think others around us think of us, many people would imagine social life unimaginable without a social identity. Mukherjee grew up in a Hindu, Bengali-speaking and middle-class neighbourhood. The general belief in her birthplace was that ‘one's identity was fixed, derived from religion, caste, patrimony, and mother tongue.' One did not need to ‘discover' their identity because it was unchangeable and one hardly had an individual identity. As the society was one consisting of similar people, there was a sense of a shared and collective identity, even if not socially, at least within one's family it was shared. Her neighbourhood had influenced her identity greatly, especially when regarding social divisions. For example; gender. In the article, certain sentences make it clear that Mukherjee comes from a male-dominated society. ‘Men provided and women were provided for. My father was a patriarch and I a pliant daughter†¦I didn't expect myself to ever disobey or disappoint my father by setting my own goals and taking charge of my future.' It also seems that class played an important role in the social divisions of the collective identity where she lived. ‘Two commands my father had written out for me†¦marry the bridegroom he selected for me from our caste and class'. She also claims that intercaste, interlanguage and interethnic marriages were forbidden within their traditional culture. Even emigration was frowned upon in Bengali tradition as it was seen as a form of diluting true culture. It seems that a woman's identity was set by the identity (or status) of her father, or after marriage; her husband. Mukherjee also states ‘I was who I was because I was Dr. Sudhir Lal Mukherjee's daughter'. It should also be noted that Mukherjee chooses to use the word ‘was' rather than ‘am'. This suggests that she has in a way cut off ties with her previous identity. She now sees her main identity as being American. Once in America, Mukherjee regarded herself as an Indian foreign student who intended to return to India to live. Her short and impulsive marriage ceremony led her into a whole new world regarding identities and their importance. She felt cut off from the ways of her life in Bengal as she had done something she never would have ever dreamed of doing. She now felt as if she had conflicting loyalties between two extremely different cultures. In America, women have more rights and participate in society just as much as men. This was new to Mukherjee as she now struggled to find her true identity; something she had never really paid attention to before. There had been a recent uproar in America concerning things such as ‘who is an American?' and ‘what is American culture?'. These led to issues involving the scapegoating of immigrants which further pushed Mukherjee into adopting America as her new homeland and following American culture. However, Mukherjee done all with her own choice and therefore takes her citizenship very seriously. The United Nations adds new members almost every year, many ‘old nations' now find themselves challenged with ‘sub' – nationalisms. It looks more and more likely that there will be a creation of more nationalities and people may lose true sight of what their nation once was. Many people in one society do not know each other or even of one another's existence, yet there is a sense of a ‘community'. Anderson (1983) describes this situation as an ‘imagined community'. Members cannot know each other and despite inequality there is still an imagined meaningful friendship. One can, and does have more than one identity. Goffman (1971) talks about impression management and gives life the metaphor of a drama. Humans are seen as actors and play many different roles. He believes that they follow certain ‘scripts' which are relevant in some situations but not in others and interaction is seen as a performance to the audience. This is known as his ‘dramaturgical analogy'. William Shakespeare once famously wrote ‘ All the world is a stage, And all the men and women merely players. They have their exits and entrance; Each man in his time plays many parts'. This means that a concept, even if not widely agreed with, to do with Goffman's idea has been around for a long time. In the debate of culture and identity, the notion of agency is a central theme. Agency is about choice, the ability to exercise this choice in order to shape our own identities. Agency is highly related to reflexivity; a post modern idea. Reflexivity is to do with the capacity of humans to reflect upon themselves, their actions and others around them in order to change or improve themselves. Mukherjee was brought up in an environment where the notion of agency in regards to identity did not exist. Identity was fixed, and one could not change it. Therefore, when she adopted her new found culture in America, she automatically was using agency to choose and shape her own identity. Identity is ever-changing; it changes with time, place and an individual's perception of reality (Vithu Jeyaloganathan – Sri Lankan born Canadian, b. 1991). An Indian politician and founder of the Indian Constitution ( B.R.Ambedkar) once said that ‘Unlike a drop of water which loses its identity when it joins the ocean, man does not lose his being in the society in which he lives. Man's life is independent. He is born not for the development of society alone, but for the development of his self.' This may be representative of India's changing views on the topic of identity and more importantly, individual identity.

Over-education in the graduate labour market Literature review

Over-education in the graduate labour market - Literature review Example The UK economy has increased the number of graduates in the labour force in the past two decades. In the UK, six in every ten individuals is a graduate. More people have refused to settle for the school exams such as GCSEs or A-levels by going a step further to get graduate level education. Among the European Union countries, the UK has the highest number of adults who have graduate-level qualifications (Zhang, 2007). Despite the financial crisis, investment in higher education in the UK is still high. The share of graduates has grown by 10 per cent, but the prevalence of overeducated graduates has remained stable at 30 percent (McGuiness, 2006). More women and the youth from minority groups have pursued higher education in recent years. These two groups have seen a better presentation in the graduate group than the workforce. Studies also show that graduates expect to get graduate level jobs three years or later after graduation and has settled for the idea to build a foundation for their careers (Zhang, 2007, p.46). In other studies, it is right to say that higher education may not be recognising the potential of non-traditional students. Only traditional students have higher degree classifications, higher satisfaction ratings in terms of experience and better outcome in the workforce. Graduates stand greater chances of attaining employment than non-graduates. They also stand a better position to hold management level jobs than the latter. Research also shows non-graduates between the ages of 21 and 30 have the highest rate of unemployment (Walter & Zhu, 2007). With time, graduate’s wages increase annually unlike that of non-graduates. Nonetheless, there are some jobs that are non-graduate, which require graduate skills from a degree. Most employers are focusing on skills and quality than knowledge. It is common practice, therefore, for graduates to take up a non-graduate job or voluntary work to add to their CV. According to research, approximately

Introduction to Astronomy and the Search for Life Elsewhere Essay

Introduction to Astronomy and the Search for Life Elsewhere - Essay Example from the telescope he made, he published relevant discoveries in the Sidereus Nuncius in March of 1610 which gained increasing interests from various scholars in the field of astronomy. Putting telescopes in space have the following advantages compared with the use of ground-based telescopes: (1) the lack of atmosphere, which makes it possible to see things in space that are otherwise blocked at certain wavelengths when trying to view them from the ground; (2) going out into space reduces the temperature at which the telescope operates, further improving image resolution and the performance of the detector arrays and other optoelectronic devices on board; and (3) it is much darker in space than it is on the ground, which makes it easier to see objects that are far away (PennWell Corporation, 2004, pars. 3 & 4). gone before. Retrieved 19 August 2010. The NASA define a dwarf planet as â€Å"a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, (c) has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit, and (d) is not a satellite† (NASA, 2010, par. 3). Pluto was reclassified by the IAU as a dwarf planet because of the provision: it has not â€Å"cleared the neighborhood† around its orbit; meaning â€Å"as planets form, they become the dominant gravitational body in their orbit in the Solar System. As they interact with other, smaller objects, they either consume them, or sling them away with their gravity. There are still many objects with similar size and mass to Pluto jostling around in its orbit. Until Pluto crashes into many of them and gains mass, it will

Legal Reference Concepts of Contracts Coursework

Legal Reference Concepts of Contracts - Coursework Example Biblical worldview refers to human perception of the events in the world from the lens of the inerrant, perfect God. Through the perception, human beings define reality and human relationships as influenced by biblical morals and teachings. For example, biblical worldview regards natural, flawless life and the moral human activities as the work of God. In light of these arguments, all contractual successes are attributed to God while any failures are regarded as the work of evil. Sometimes failures within the context of the biblical worldview are regarded as lessons which if taken positively will avoid bad consequences of one’s actions in future. Contracts are very common and form an important part of modern law. A contract is an agreement between two or more parties, giving each side clear obligations to perform towards its success. For proper apportioning of obligations, a contract must meet all of the primary conditions such as: the parties being competent; seeking or giving out a subject matter; a legal consideration by the offeree; mutuality of agreement and of obligation (Huffman, 2012). The most important condition to the formation of a contract is consideration, which generally involves money changing hands. A definite value of the subject matter or compensation is normally an imperative element of a valid contract, and in cases where the value is not fixed, the contract must provide a clear procedure for determining the price. So it is a common principle that the contract will lack the enforcement power when the price is not specified and the strategy of arriving at the value is also lacking (Jindo, 2011). Regardless, there are clear reservations in applying the doctrine. The contemporary contract normally involves money. In biblical worldview, a contract does not necessarily involve money. Biblical scriptures say even if all the worldly elements of a contract have been met, the parties will still face problems with performing

How sports affect children in a positive way Research Paper

How sports affect children in a positive way - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that to make the man perceive and understand the  true value of positive aspect, God has created negative of everything e.g. good against evil, cold against hot, right against wrong, strong against weak. â€Å"G. W. F. Hegel: Lectures on the History of Philosophy.†, on the subject of â€Å"POSITIVE ASPECT† quoted Robinet: â€Å"The result of his observation is that good and evil balance each other; this equilibrium constitutes the beauty of the world.... it also hints at the deeper idea that there is no activity except through contradiction.† When a man perceives the positive aspect, it brings hope, satisfaction, and happiness. Perception of negative aspects produces doubt, despondency, and unhappiness. A young human being below the age of full physical development is generally termed as â€Å"child†.   If we carefully study and experience a child, we find that there are many characteristics and attributes wh ich are naturally attached to the child behavior. It could be defiant, stubborn, hyperactive, short-tempered, rude, disrespectful, liar, demanding, violent, lazy, or coward. It is not necessary that a child has all these negative attributes, but whatever he has, it is his inheritance. This inheritance depends on many factors.   The parent from whom he is born, the environment in which he is brought up, the education he receives, the family, economic, social and religious conditions in which he grows. All these are the factors that are built into a child’s psyche and character.  ... Any activity by a human being which requires physical exertion or skill and competition is usually identified as â€Å"sport†. It generates interest and enthusiasm in the person who does such activities. Even children with disabilities are encouraged to play sports. Sport is one thing that is not influenced by the character and individuality of a child. In fact, it is the children which are affected and influenced most by the sport. It is one of the most important things in recent times as Sports have changed in the children, their negative psyche in to the positive individuality. Many researches and studies have been conducted on the child psychology. It is now universally accepted that one of the most important things that can create positive attributes in a child is sport. We can find all over the world that sports facilities are always there in schools, whether they are kids’ schools, primary schools or secondary schools, public or private schools. Better the sport facilities at school, higher is its reputation and prestige. â€Å"For many years the United Nations system has acknowledged the importance of sports in society. United Nations bodies have enlisted star athletes and major sporting events in campaigns to promote immunization against childhood diseases and other public health measures, to support the fight against racism and apartheid, and to promote human rights† This self explanatory message is given on â€Å"UN Enable - United Nations, Sports and the Paralympic Games† [4] There are three main elements which can help a sport to leave a positive effect on the children. First element is the kind of sport a child is playing.

Managing Communications, Information and Knowledge Essay

Managing Communications, Information and Knowledge - Essay Example As the discussion highlights one of the leading corporations in UK is Tesco, and Tesco has been dominating the retail sector for decades. The key drivers of achieving the level of success for the retail giant are based on its excellent operational philosophy that is among the core competencies of the company. In order to ensure appropriate coordination among the widespread outlets of Tesco, the store managers have to monitor the operational needs at every outlet so that the customers are provided with an amazing shopping experience. The store managers and customers are the main stakeholders of the organisation who are an important part of its business efficiency.This paper stresses that  the store manager is the person who has the requirement of having quick access to the latest information about the market trends and the satisfaction level of customers with the store’s products and service offerings. The store manager also needs to ensure that all the work procedures are co mmunicated in a clear and an unbiased manner to all the sales staff of the store. Presently, Tesco has availed the system development offering of Cisco and has implemented an entire network of IT system in accordance to the demands of the firm. The system is updated frequently by IT experts and all the information is collected and stored in the database. The managers may constantly need to review the data to make different types of decision for the store and hence this system is very useful for the managers in retrieving immediate information.

Social, Professional and Ethical Issues in Information System Literature review

Social, Professional and Ethical Issues in Information System - Literature review Example This has surely been possible with the advancement in technology. Furthermore, this need was fulfilled by the web and software IT designers in a much effective and functional manner, as explained in the book published by the Center for Financial Training. On the contrary, it is necessary to understand if these software and IT systems are in breach of any of the ethical laws or legal principles set by the governing authorities, or if these IT systems are strong and protective enough to avoid any frauds or theft of the client’s information, data, or belongings since it is the technology that leads towards the secruity violations (Center for Financial Training., 2009). Kondabagil, claims that although, online banking has been claimed as the most secured method by the banking sector but it has been facing ups and down regarding the security and privacy of the client’s data and thefts. ... Data Protection Act of 1998 According to the Data Protection Act of 1998, the British Government has provided a detailed list of the provisions that comes under the Act. From ‘Right to Access Personal Data’ to ‘Code of Practice’, ‘Restrictions’ and ‘Penalties’, every topic has been discussed to minimize chances of confusion regarding fraud data usage (Legislation.Gov.UK, 1998). This may help the online banking services and the IT systems that are designed for it. For example, if stricter laws will be applied and handsome penalties and punishments will be given to the accused then he or she will think twice before violating any law or regulation or conducting any ATM crime (Quinn, 2010). Relationship between Privacy and Online Banking There are numerous issues regarding privacy and online banking, which has shown the failure of the IT systems. These issues have given rise to different social, professional and ethical problems in the society. In legal terms, these issues have also violated many regulations, laws, and principles, which are solely designed as a guideline for online social, professional, and legal ethics. Because of this percentage of e-crime in different countries is increasing enormously. According to ‘The 2013 Identity Fraud Report’ issued by the ‘Javelin Strategy and Research’ it was revealed that more than $21 Billion have been stolen through different online fraud cases in banks. Different categories of online banking had been the victim of IT malfunction or ATM theft. It was reported that 5.26% of U.S. adults are affected every year because of this issue. These IT issues vary from social to ethical and legal aspects while talking about

Existentialism in Literature Essay Example for Free

Existentialism in Literature Essay Existentialism in literature is a movement or tendency that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice. While Existentialism was never an organized literary movement, the tenets of this philosophy have influenced many diverse writers around the world and readers can detect existential elements in their fiction. Americans writers like William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway and John Steinbeck reveal existential elements in their writing. Perhaps the most prominent theme in existentialist writing is that of choice. Humanitys primary distinction, in the view of most existentialists, is the freedom to choose. Because we are free to choose our own paths, existentialists have argued, we must accept the risk and responsibility of following our commitments wherever they lead. American writers Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson often wrote about these concepts. Existentialism is not dark. It is not depressing. Existentialism is about life. Existentialists believe in living—and in fighting for life. The politics of existentialist writers around the world varies widely, but each seeks the most individual freedom for people within a society. Despite encompassing this wide range of philosophical, religious, and political ideologies, the underlying concepts of existentialism are constant: ? Mankind has free will ? Life is a series of choices ? Few decisions are without any negative consequences ? Some events and occurrences are irrational or absurd, without explanation. ? If one makes a decision, he or she must follow through. So existentialism, broadly defined, is a set of philosophical systems concerned with free will, choice, and personal responsibility. Because we make choices based on our experiences, beliefs, and biases, those choices are unique to us—and made without an objective form of truth. There are no â€Å"universal† guidelines for most decisions, existentialists believe. Even trusting science is often a â€Å"leap of faith. † The existentialists conclude that human choice is subjective, because individuals finally must make their own choices without help from such external standards as laws, ethical rules, or traditions. Because individuals make their own choices, they are free; but because they freely choose, they are completely responsible for their choices. The existentialists emphasize that freedom is necessarily accompanied by responsibility. Furthermore, since individuals are forced to choose for themselves, they have their freedom—and therefore their responsibility—thrust upon them. They are â€Å"condemned to be free. † Many existentialist writers stress the importance of passionate individual action in deciding questions of both personal morality and truth. Personal experience and acting on ones own convictions are essential in arriving at the truth. 17th-century French philosopher and existentialist Blaise Pascal saw human existence in terms of paradoxes. He believed that â€Å"We know truth, not only by reason, but also by the heart. † And as many existentialists, he acknowledges that â€Å"It is the fight alone that pleases us, not the victory. † The modern adage that the journey is more important than the final destination applies to this idea. Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard, who was the first writer to call himself existential, reacted against traditional thoughts by insisting that the highest good for the individual is to find his or her own unique vocation. As he wrote in his journal, â€Å"I must find a truth that is true for me . . . the idea for which I can live or die. † Existentialists have argued that no objective, rational basis can be found for moral decisions. The 19th-century German philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche contended that the individual using free will must decide which situations are to count as moral situations. He believed that â€Å"There are no facts, only interpretations. † . . . and he is famous for this well known adage:â€Å"That which does not kill me, makes me stronger. † The 19th-century Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoyevsky is probably the most well-known existentialist literary figure. In his book Notes from the Underground the alienated anti-hero questions experiences in life that are unpredictable and sometimes self-destructive. French writer, Jean Paul Sartre wrote that man can will nothing unless he has first understood that he must count on no one but himself; that he is alone, abandoned on earth in the midst of his infinite responsibilities, without help, with no other aim than the one he sets himself, with no other destiny than the one he forges for himself on this earth. There is no ultimate meaning or purpose inherent in human life; in this sense life is absurd. We are forlorn, abandoned in the world to look after ourselves completely. The only foundation for values is human freedom, and that there can be no external or objective justification for the values anyone chooses to adopt. † When the Swedish Academy granted the Nobel Prize in Literature to Sartre for his work which, they recognized as â€Å"rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, [that] has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age,† Sartre made it known that he did not wish to accept the prize. In a public announcement, in1964, Sartre expressed his regret that his refusal of the prize had given rise to a scandal, and he wished it to be known that his refusal was not meant to slight the Swedish Academy but was rather based on personal and objective reasons. Sartre pointed out that due to his conception of the writers task he had always declined official honors so this act was not unprecedented. He had similarly refused other awards offered to him. He stated that a writers acceptance of such an honor would be to associate his personal commitments with the awarding institution, and that, above all, a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution.

Canadian Multiculturalism Reflected In Poetry

Canadian Multiculturalism Reflected In Poetry It was in the autumn of 2007 when our teacher announced us that at our following meeting we were going to have a special guest, coming from Canada. It raised my attention the fact that our guest was a Romanian born Canadian poet and she was going to share with us her experience as a poet and, moreover, as a citizen in the multicultural Canada. This was how I first heard about Flavia Cosma. She entered our class accompanied by our teacher and by one of her editors, carrying a heavy bag which proved to be crammed with books and told us that books represented her life. My first wonder was to hear her speaking in Romanian, especially after I had been told that she had been living in Canada since 1974. She took care to explain us that she would never cease thinking, writing and loving in Romanian. It appeared to me that tears were going to trickle on her face. This happened each time she was mentioning something about her native country or about her mother tongue, managing to transmit us her feelings. It was even more impressive to find out the circumstances that made her leave her country. Little by little she imparted us her entire story, showing that she was a perfect case to fit in the multicultural Canada. As her life was thoroughly influenced by the social situation of Romania, in a period when she was afraid to make her writings public, Flavia Cosma is eager to promote around the world the policy of the country that offered her the help to become such a renowned poet. She praises Canada for giving her the hope and the confidence in her, as well as for offering her the chance to prove herself and her mother country her real value. At a time when her own country was oppressing her for writing in such an original way, a foreign country helped Flavia to become famous and backed her up almost unconditioned. Actually, the only thing that she had to do was to translate her work in English, which proved to be of great difficulty at the beginning. She went on telling us that her first feelings that she had for Canada were of intense hatred, as she did not know a single grain of English. But Canada was willingly to adapt her as a citizen, and gave her the opportunity to study English and adapt to the Canadian culture. She preferred to leave the compromise that she had to do in Romania for the work that she started to do in Canada. Her work was even more praised abroad than in Romania and Flavia felt extremely lucky to find this, after a couple of years that she had spent in different Refugee Camps. She took pleasure in giving birth to her work and struggled to make it public. After so many years, she says that it was worth, and declares that she was not that courageous as some of her Romanian counterparts were. Many of them ended up in prison or even dead, due to their desire to act different then the others did. She left Romania with the hope for freedom, and she knew that she had nothing to lose, as in her country she had abs olutely no chance to publish her poems. Being out of the country, she heard of the Romanian Revolution and felt a great joy. Canada offered her the possibility of creating The Association of Democracy in Romania. Since its formation, this organization has supported eleven Romanian orphanages, a help that proved to be reciprocal, as it enabled Flavia to resume her relations with Romania. Once again, she was grateful to the Canadian society that roused in her the interest in social themes and social justice. It also motivated her to start the work at some documentaries about the situation of post-communist Romania, the one entitled Romania a Country at the Crossroads receiving The Canadian Scene Prize for Television Documentaries. We were listening carefully to her, and could hardly believe all the hardships she had to fight with in order to achieve her dream, the sweet dream of liberty, as she told us. She took out a couple of books from her bag and handled them with special care. She started to recite to us, and we were more absorbed by her emotions than by her lyrics. Her voice was trembling with thrills at each word, at each verse. It was clear how much the Romanian language meant to her. She had probably noticed our surprise and explained to us that she gets very nervous when she recites her poems in the language they were composed in, because she finds no other language more musical than Romanian itself. Her point of view was strengthened by many foreigners who listened to her reciting in Romanian. She said that they were profoundly impressed by the way the poems sound in her native language and that the fact that she continues to write in Romanian helps her to remain in touch with her mother country. Later on she invited us to read aloud some of her poems. It was surprising how beautiful they appeared in the silence of our classroom. We were told that she received an important Translation Prize for her 47 Poems, a book that appeared with the support of an American English Professor that helped her with translations. The English variant also sounded fine, but it did not manage to touch our souls the way the Romanian version did. Other publications of Flavia Cosma that followed this one were represented by the novel The Fire that Burns Us, whose pages she took out of the country with great risks, the books Wormood Wine and Fata Morgana which also represent publications that appeared abroad. She left our seminar with the promise that she would return soon, and that she would share other information about her literature and, of course, about the Canadian space. The latter theme does not miss from any of her discourses and lectures, as she is a member of a Canadian association that promotes Canadian values abroad. When asked in one interview that I found published in one of the books of my teacher, Flavia Cosma mentioned that the Canadian state is very generous to her for her speaking in the universities about their multicultural policies. Cf. Balaj, (Interviu cu Flavia Cosma, in Rodica Albu, English in Canada. Representations of Language and Identity. 2006, 327-332). The spring of 2008 brought again the Romanian poet to the University of Iasi. This time she delivered a lecture about traditions and tolerance in the Canadian society. She talked to us about the unique experience Canada offers in what concerns the diversity in all fields of culture: language, nationality, religion etc. Flavia was happy to tell us that the Canadian society invites you to bring your contribution to their culture, and not to forget your national values, as the United States do. She also talked to us about the numerous organizations of art and literature that encourage immigrants to develop their talent and make it known over the world. She spoke to us with such emphasis as though she was a Canadian-born person herself. She was also proud to inform us that the nationality that is placed first in Canada in terms of level of schooling is represented by Romanian children. Just as she said in the interview I mentioned above, she feels at home in the plane, between the two de stinations: Canada and Romania. I had a great pleasure to accompany Flavia on a short walk around the city of Iasi. At the Metropolitan Cathedral she asked for an icon with Saint Anthony. She explained to me later that even though she is orthodox, she borrowed this saint from the Canadians, as he offers her great help, especially in the art of creation. For Flavia, the art of creating poetry is given by the Holy Grace, and she is thankful to God for the fact that a poem is sometimes written even before seeing the paper. This happens because Flavia does not write only on paper, but she writes in her thoughts, and she feels that something misses to her if she does not write on a certain day. This proves how great significance poetry and writing in general have for her. She left me in Copou, offering me one of her books, together with her Internet site. She advised me to visit it, to find more things about her and about Canada. I realized how much she loves this country from the simple fact that she also offered me a little red trinket with a maple leaf below and with the inscription Canada. She took such a pleasure when talking about her poetry that made me get closer to her poems and try to understand them. She said that her work is for everybody and that she dislikes being a hermetic poet. As soon as I started to read her lyrics, I also understood her double identity: she writes with the freedom of a foreigner, having a very open horizon, but she does not deny the Romanian soul. There are so many constructions in her poetry that are just untranslatable and even difficult to be given an English counterpart: lumină lină, vajnici duÃ…Å ¸mani, zborul-nezbor and braÃ…Â £ul mlădios are to be found in the poem entitled Anotimpul iubirii- The Season of Love. Flavias poetry abounds in such constructions that pose great difficulties when being translated, for she writes with her Romanian soul. Poems like Cà ¢ntec de seară, Durerea te à ®mbată, Noapte, Cà ¢nd singuratatea, which is a specific Romanian construction, and Se-n volbură vulturii were translated as Song of Evening, The Pain that Intoxicates You, Darkness, When Loneliness and Eagles Are Turning Circles. The poems of Flavia Cosma also abound in entire stanzas that are difficult to be translated, due to the Romanian context: Ah, pasăre, / Dulce te pleacă, / Lin te coboară, / Mamă gingasă, / Mamă năframă, / Peste iedul uitat in cà ¢mp/ de-astă-vară. The English version does not sound that musical, even though it renders the main idea: Ah, bird, / Bow sweet, / Come down calmly, / Gentle mother, / Kerchief mother, / Above the kid forgotten in the field / Since last summer. Another poem that seems not to have found its proper English counterpart is represented by America: E tulbure mierea / Prelinsă din faguri deschiÃ…Å ¸i dimineaÃ…Â £a. / Frate, de ce Ã…Â £i-e palidă faÃ…Â £a?. This poem was translated with the help of Don Wilson: The honey is like mud / Oozing from open honeycombs in the morning. / Brother, why is your face pale?. Besides this sort of poems, Flavia also wrote extraordinary lyrics that had an impressive impact in English: But on the roads of night I goad / The chalky-white buffaloes-for-burden / Circling hills, climbing, descending, / Seeking answers, breathing. This poem is part of the 47 Poems, the book that received the Translation Prize. I singled out Flavias case because I happened to be familiar with it, but, starting from that and from what I have been able to identify as tipycally Canadian, I can imagine a true cultural mosaic of ethnic voices writing between cultures. What I have no way knowing is to what extent these Canadian writers of various origins listen to each other and resonate with each other aesthetic preferences. As I continued to read the poems, I felt that poetry represents for Flavia the only thread that binds her to Romania. Writing poems makes her discover the unknown mysteries and convey them to the readers through her lyrics. A few lines above I made a mistake and I wrote potery instead of poetry. I believe that the only mistake consists of the fact that I missed one t, because this is what Flavia does: just like the potters make real pieces of art out of simple sand and water, she builds up masterpieces out of simple materials, such as words, because when it comes about working there is nothing for Flavia to love more than words.

Religious Terrorism and the Media | Essay

Religious Terrorism and the Media | Essay When the term terrorism is mentioned to any individual, the term is most likely to be associated with Islamic terrorist groups such as ISIS or Al-Qaida. Although there is an assumption that religious terrorism is confined to one religion as that is what is being portrayed the most within academic readings and news media, however, the notion of that belief is false. Many religious terrorist attacks have been made throughout history on behalf of a religions such as Christianity, Buddhism, and Hinduism. However, due to the media presenting most terrorist attacks made by popularized terrorist groups such as ISIS and Al-Qaida, it can overshadow other religious terrorist acts that have occurred and may be assumed that religious terrorism is confined to one religion. Within society, the use of media has a major influence as it connects society with current events that happen internationally. However, with the way the media has been structured, only the most interesting news events that occur presents itself to audiences as other current events are overshadowed or set aside equally presenting itself amongst other news. In Religious conflicts in todays mass media (Iuhas, 2013) the article analyzes the media coverage of religious conflict with the intent to discover how religious conflicts are portrayed within the media. Throughout the investigation, Iuhas (2013, p.373) found that social groups have shown that they rely on the information presented by the media as it concerns their well-being within society. Knowing media is being used as a prime source for information on current events, journalists adapt news stories by using vocabulary and syntax that are influenced by several sources such as their public audience, mass culture, and the pressure o f unknown events to appeal more to audience (Iuhas, 2013, p.). By using vocabulary that is influenced by society to adhere to their needs, it manipulates the audiences perception of the events around them to adhere to the reality and truth of the events that occur (Iuhas, 2013, p.373). By contorting the truth about the conflicts that occur, it can personally affect an individuals attitude when viewing a violent news story such as terrorist propaganda. A study was conducted to measure anxiety levels amongst participants, who were religious and non-religious, while watching various forms of terrorism media footage as they were split into an experimental and a control group (Slone, 2000, p. 512). Two groups were created as to observe the difference of anxiety-levels between both groups. The experimental group was showed footage of terrorism campaigns that could inflict their well-being, while the control group also viewed terrorism media footage, but in context that did not affect thei r lives (Slone, 2000, p.513-514). Results of study concluded that anxiety-levels for participant who viewed the experimental footage and were non-religious appeared to be higher than those who viewed the control group footage as there was no differences shown in anxiety-levels (Slone, 2000, p.515-516). Concluding from the study and the media tactic of using vocabulary to appeal to audiences, with viewing media stories of terrorism that could possibly effect society and the use of contorting the reality of the current events the combination of the two distorts the individuals perception of the violent actions that occur and need to be educated about these events in order to understand the events that are occurring. Nonetheless, the relationship between the media and terrorist organizations can be seen as symbiotic as both groups can benefit from the others work. As media has the main source for terrorist organizations in modern day society, the objective to be on mass media is by gaining publicity and the legitimacy as the media brings attention to their followers and sympathizers (Wilkinson, 1997, p.52). With the use of media in terrorist organizations the connection between the two can be seen as a symbiotic relationship as both are dependent on each other as they both gain resources they need from the others actions (Wilkinson, 1997, p.52). With the known fact that terrorist organizations have a need to be on prime-time television to gain publicity and awareness to their followers and sympathizers, the media gains news coverage from this unusual relationship. The field of media coverage is a competitive market as each media station is wanting to be the first to cover any major news story (Wilkinson, 1997, p.54). With that being said, the media will respond to any terrorist propaganda as it will be automatically deemed bad news (Wilkinson, 1997, p.54-55). However, although media will cover terrorist acts when it occurs, ultimately terrorist attacks can be overshadowed by other terrorist attacks that were made by other popularized terrorist organizations that are more appealing to media stations and audiences. When relating terrorism to a certain society, some may never assume that terrorism would be seen in North America, especially in America. However, religious terrorism is relevant within the United States as it is most often known as domestic terrorism, although this particular type of terrorism it can be linked to religious ideologies as it gives the acts of terrorism a legitimacy for their actions (Sharpe, 2000, p.605). The Identity Christian movement is a form of Christianity that follows and outgrows the White supremacy philosophy as it is composed of several components that leads to the belief that the White race is superior than other minorities with their evidence found within their own creation of the origin story of how humanity was created and within the Bible (Sharpe, 2000, p.606). Organizations that adhere to the White supremacy philosophy includes neo-Nazis and the Ku Klux Klan, in which, they target several social groups such as homosexuals, African Americans, Jews, Hisp anics, and Asians (Sharpe, 2000, p.604). Although there is evidence that religious ideologies come into conflict with domestic terrorism, government officials will not refer domestic terrorism as religious terrorism as acts of violence that target religions and ethnic minorities are considered hate crimes as opposed to terrorist attacks against the targeted groups. The Identity Christian movement consists of biblical context and theories that allow the White supremacist followers to engage in violent acts on the behalf of their religious belief that the White race will restore humanity to its former glory. Another religious terrorist group known as the Aum Shinrikyo was known to be a religious organization in Japan that based their teachings and doctrines on Buddhism and Hinduism that were also involved with violent acts such as murdering and kidnapping citizens (Metraux, 1995, p.1140). The terrorist organization had a rapid growth with having initially 10,000 members in 1987 and expanding operations in 1992 in countries such as the United States, Russia, and Sri Lanka (Metraux, 1995, p.1140). Although the religious group is seen as a cult rather than a terrorist group, the Aum Shinrikyo appealed to individuals as their religious intent was to relieve suffering and poverty within Japan but moved their intent as they grew to the need of self-awareness in a control-oriented society (Metraux, 1995, p.1141). Although the teaching of Aum Shinrikyo can be seen as helpful to members as Buddhism concepts are used in the organization, the terrorist group, however, made violent plans using the r esources they had within the group such as scientists to create a gas 5,000 times stronger that sarin gas (Metraux, 1995, p.1153). With no evidence to prove that the leaders of Aum Shinrikyo were involved in planning such violent acts, the perception to society was that Aum Shinrikyo was an authentic religious organization (Metraux, 1995, p.1154) despite the evidence of the intent to cause harm to Japan society. The conclusions the religious terrorism can be used on behalf of any religion can be seen as it has been done on by the Identity Christian movement and Aum Shinrikyo. However, analyzing tactics the media such as altering media stories to appeal more to audiences and to display a sense of safety within society, in relation to domestic terrorism within North America. The notion that the media has a position is creating the perspective that religious terrorism is confined to one religion. Bibliography Iuhas, F. (2013). Religious conflicts in todays mass media. Revista De Stiinte Politice, (37/38), 372-380. Metraux, D. A. (1995). Religious terrorism in japan: The fatal appeal of aum shinrikyo. Asian Survey, 35 (12), 1140-1154. doi:10.2307/2645835 Sharpe, T. T. (2000). The identity christian movement: Ideology of domestic terrorism. Journal of Black Studies, 30 (4), 604-623. doi:10.1177/002193470003000407 Slone, M. (2000). Responses to media coverage of terrorism. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 44 (4), 508-522. doi:10.1177/0022002700044004005 Wilkinson, P. (1997). The media and terrorism: A reassessment. Terrorism and Political Violence, 9 (2), 51-64. doi:10.1080/09546559708427402

Essay on the Flying Motif in Song of Solomon :: Song Solomon essays

Importance of the Flying Motif in Song of Solomon    Throughout literature it has been common for authors to use allusions to complement recurrent motifs in their work. In Toni Morrison's Song Of Solomon, Milkman learns that his desire to fly has been passed down to him from his ancestor Solomon. As Milkman is figuring out the puzzle of his ancestry, he realizes that when Solomon tried to take his youngest son, Jake, flying with him, he dropped him and Jake never arrived with his father to their destination.    It seems quite probable that Morrison drew from the Daedalus/Icarus Greek myth. Daedalus was a well-known architect and engineer in Athens. King Mines invited Daedalus to Crete to build him a labyrinth, and when it was completed, Mines jailed him within it. In order to escape, Daedalus built two sets of wings - one pair for himself, and the other for his son, Icarus- using wax and feathers, which they used to fly off from Crete. On their journey to Athens, Icarus decided to try to challenge the sun, even though his father had warned him that if he got too near to the sea his wings would dampen and fall apart, or if he got too close to the sun, the wax in his wings would melt, and he would lose the ability to fly. Ignoring Daedalus' warnings, Icarus flew too high and the sun melted the wax that held his wings together. Icarus fell into the Aegean Sea and died.    Solomon, a slave, had been a leader when he worked in the cotton fields in the South. One day he decided to fly back to Africa with his youngest son, Jake, leaving behind his wife Ryna and their twenty other children. Black lady fell down on the ground Come booba yalle, come booma tambee Threw her body all around Come konka yalle, come konka tambee...(303).    This verse of the popular children's song which Milkman heard in Shalimar, Virginia, was referring to Ryna's sobbing, an event which also led to the naming of Ryna's Gulch where it is rumored that Ryna's spirit moaned night and day alike for Solomon's return. When Solomon is flying, however, he drops Jake- also the name of Milkman's grandfather- and unlike Icarus in Greek mythology, Jake survives his fall.    Milkman's desire to fly mirrors one of the foremost fantasies of any child or dreamer.

The Craft of the Cover Essay -- Music Artist

There is nothing new under the sun. This could be considered to be the unofficial credo of the Postmodern movement, and it wouldn’t be an inaccurate statement to make. There are few universal themes; the pursuit of love, the satisfaction found in hard work, the youthful struggle against the status quo, the hatred of oppression and control being among those most often quoted, and there are only so many ways to package and repackage these messages in a fashion readymade for public consumption. Pop culture is like a melting pot for these ideas. It is a cultural stew brimming with themes and Grand Narratives. And yet the Postmodernists scorn the idea that there can be new themes discovered, and new modes of presenting those themes in a perfect, complete way. This struggle to discover new ways of revealing truth to the public has caused artists throughout history to turn to cover songs. And this use of covers has become emblematic of the Postmodern philosophy, whether due to the s tagnation of the creativity of young artists, or the nostalgia with which Postmodernists view the past. A cover song is a song that is played by an artist other than the original creator. If I were to start a band and play â€Å"Smoke on the Water† by Deep Purple, I would be covering their song. Performances of old hymnals and American spiritual folk tunes like â€Å"House of the Rising Sun† and â€Å"Where Did You Sleep Last Night?† are all covers, simply played by artists as a means of connecting with their audience through mutually well known songs. In the 1950s and 60s, however, the purpose of covers began to change. Record companies began having artists rerecord songs, â€Å"for the purposes of disseminating it among a broader or different section of the record-buying pub... ...he sun. Works Cited Dimaggio, Paul. "Cultural Capital." Encyclopedia of Social Theory 1 (2005). Print. Harvey, David. "The Condition of Postmodernity." The New Social Theory Reader (2001). Print. Dave Laing. "Folk Music Revival." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. 5 Dec. 2010 . Natoli, Joseph P., and Linda Hutcheon. A Postmodern Reader. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993. Storey, John. Cultural Studies and the Study of Popular Culture. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 2010. Print. Weisbard, Eric. "POP MUSIC; A Simple Song That Lives Beyond Time." New York Times 13 Nov. 1994. Print. Robert Witmer and Anthony Marks. "Cover." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. 5 Dec. 2010 .

Lab

The main function demonstrated by Spunk where the ability to quickly analyze data and show correlations in the data. This builds more secure operations, because data can be compiled and analyzed in minutes instead of hours and days. Thus any necessary action by operations personnel and security personnel can take place in a reasonable amount of time. Spunk also can monitor server events and report alerts as needed to alert personnel to ongoing or current issues. 3.What types of â€Å"Data Inputs† are available in Spunk and most other log management tools? Spunk can receive data inputs from event log collection, remote event log collections, files and directories, local performance monitoring, remote performance monitoring TCP, UDP, Registry monitoring active directory monitoring, and scripts. 4. What types of â€Å"Alert Conditions† are available in Spunk and most other log management tools? A. A Basic Conditional Alert is a trigger that is set off when a certain number Of alerts that have been scheduled is surpassed. . An Advanced Conditional Alert is a trigger that is set off when a secondary alert is met in addition to the primary scheduled alert. 5. What types of â€Å"Alert Actions† are available in Spunk and most other log management tools? Basic alerting, Advanced alerts and confining options, Real-time alerting and throttling, and Alert Manager 6. What is the search string for the â€Å"windows-fletching- failure† pre-configured Search? 7. What is the search string for the performance_snapshot automated Job which comes pre-configured? . Provide at least five (5) examples of security or operations related Windows Management Reports and Searches that are pre-configured and available within Spunk 9. What Chart Types are available for a search or report within Spunk? There are column, line, area, bar, pie, scatter, radial gauge, filler gauge, and marker gauge. 10. What Scheduled Search did you configure to Alert and/or Report wit hin Spunk to help your AOL of Implementing Security Operations Management Best Practices?Explain the reasoning behind scheduling this particular alert. I would schedule the prefigured search, errors in the last hour, to run every hour. This would allow me to see any errors that are relatively new that I could look into quickly. Ideally alerts in real time would be better, but if just choosing one to run while another search is developed this would be good.

Headloss Through a Valve

Fluid Mechanics Lab Head Loss Through a Valve April 24, 2012 Abstract This experiment determined the relationship between the head loss through a gate valve and the degree of opening of that valve with varying flow rates. The objective of this experiment was to determine the valve loss coefficient, K, for a specific gate valve as a function of both the pipe Reynolds Number, and the degree of opening. The relationship between the Reynolds Number and the friction factor was constant. Regardless of what the Reynolds Number was, the friction factor remained the same.This means that the valve head loss coefficient, K, only depended on the degree of opening of the gate valve. As the valve is slowly turned closed, the Major Head Loss due to friction along the pipe, decreases, and the Minor Head Loss, due to the friction through the gate valve, increases. There is a positive linear relationship between the Reynolds Number and the head loss coefficient. The slope of this linear relationship s howed that as the flow rate increases, the velocity increases which means the Reynolds Number gets bigger and the head loss coefficient increases.Therefore, the higher the flow and the smaller the degree of opening of the gate valve, the greater the head loss becomes through the gate valve. Table of contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ i 1Introduction1 1. 1Background1 1. 2Theory1 1. 3Objective1 2Apparatus and Supplies1 3Procedures4 4Equations4 5Experimental Results5 6Error Analysis9 7Conclusions9 8Recommendations for Further Studies10 9References10 APPENDIX Table of Figures Figure 21: Pressure Differential Gauge ? p. 2 Figure 22: Weighing Tank with Dump Valve open. 3 Figure 23: Pressure Differential Gauge between Valve Set-up3Table 51: Constants and given values. 5 Table 52: Measured Data. 5 Table 53: Volumetric Flow, Velocity, Reynolds #, Head Loss Coefficient. 6 Table 54: Real values of K, Major Head Loss, Minor Head Loss. 6 Introduction Background Gate valves are frequently used when constructing and fitting pipes. They provide the capability to shut off specific lines so that repairs or renovations can be made without having to turn off the main supply lines. Although these valves are useful, they also disturb the normal flow and cause friction. Theory The head loss coefficient, K, for a gate valve is related to the Minor Head Loss, Hlm, where Hlm=V22gK.The total head loss in the pipe is divided into two parts: the Major Head Loss, Hf, due to the pipe friction over length L, and the Minor Head Loss. Using the Bernoulli’s energy equation, the coefficient, K, can be found: K=2g? PV2? -fLD. Objective The objective of this experiment was to determine the valve loss coefficient, K, for a specific gate valve as a funct ion of both the pipe Reynolds Number, and the degree of opening. Apparatus and Supplies * 1 Weighing Tank with Dump Valve ( ±0. 5 lb) * 2 Stop Watches ( ±0. 01 sec) * Galvanized Iron pipe 27 inches ( ±0. 03125 in) long with a diameter of 1. 1 inches ( ±0. 0005 in) * 1 Pressure Differential Gauge ( ±0. 05 psi) * 1 Valve located in between the Pressure Differential Gauge on Galvanized Iron Pipe Figure 21: Pressure Differential Gauge ? p. Weighing Tank Dump Valve Figure 22: Weighing Tank with Dump Valve open. Figure 23: Pressure Differential Gauge between Valve Set-up Procedures 1. Measure the distance between the upstream and downstream pressure tabs. 2. Turn the handle on the gate valve to determine how many turns exist between fully-opened and fully-closed. 3. Turn on the pump and open the dump valve in the weighing tank. 4.Turn the gate valve so that it is completely open. 5. Record the Pressure Difference 6. Close the dump valve in the weighing tank. 7. Start and stop th e stopwatches over a 100 lb difference and record the times. 8. Open the dump valve in the weighing tank and allow water to drain into the sump. 9. Change the flow of water. Do not change the gate valve. 10. Repeat steps 5-8. 11. Turn the gate valve to 75% open. 12. Change the flow of water. 13. Repeat steps 5-9 a total of three (3) times. 14. Turn the gate valve to 50% open. 15. Repeat steps 12 and 13. 16. Turn the gate valve to 25% open. 17. Repeat steps 13 and 13.Equations Head Loss Coefficient: K=2g? pV2? -fLD Major Head Loss: hf=fLDV22g Minor Head Loss: hlm=KV22g Reynolds Number: Re=VD? Area of Pipe2: A=? 4D2 Velocity: V=QA1 Volumetric Discharge: Q=? W? t*? Experimental Results Table 51: Constants and given values. Table 52: Measured Data. The friction factor f=0. 049 was calculated based on Ks/D and the Reynolds Number. Table 53: Volumetric Flow, Velocity, Reynolds #, Head Loss Coefficient. Table 54: Real values of K, Major Head Loss, Minor Head Loss. Error Analysis There were some values calculated for the valve loss coefficient, K, which were negative.This is impossible because a negative K value would give you an overall gain in energy as water flows through the valve according to Bernoulli's energy equation. According to the equation used, gravity and the specific weight of water are constant. The length and diameter of the pipe along with the velocity had relative errors due to human accuracy, but all of these were negligible. This leaves the friction factor, f, and the pressure differential readings. The calculated value of the friction factor was given and was probably over estimated and the absolute roughness of the pipe was less.The accuracy of the pressure differential gauge was also a possible source of error. Looking at the data, the first five readings all had negative K values and they all had very low pressure differential readings. The accuracy of the readings become more inaccurate the closer the readings are to the endpoints of the scal e. Conclusions According to the Moody Diagram and the absolute roughness stated, the relationship between the Reynolds Number and the friction factor was constant. Regardless of what the Reynolds Number was, the friction factor remained the same.This means that the valve head loss coefficient, K, was only depended on the degree of opening of the gate valve. As the valve is slowly turned closed, the Major Head Loss due to friction along the pipe, decreases, and the Minor Head Loss, due to the friction through the gate valve, increases. There is a positive linear relationship between the Reynolds Number and the head loss coefficient. The slope of this linear relationship showed that as the flow rate increases, the velocity increases which means the Reynolds Number gets bigger and the head loss coefficient increases.Therefore, the higher the flow and the smaller the degree of opening of the gate valve, the greater the head loss becomes through the gate valve. Recommendations for Furthe r Studies The experiment could set minimum and maximum standards for readings off the pressure differential gauge. For each valve reading, making the minimum pressure difference greater than 1. 0 PSI and less than 9 PSI would ensure that there are no endpoint inaccuracies. References Giles, Ranald V. , Jack B. Evett, and Cheng Liu. Schaum's Outline of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009. Print. Appendix

Autism – General Overview of Autism

General Overview of Autism What is Autism? Autism is defined as a disorder of early development that causes severe problems in thinking, communicating with others, and feeling a part of the outside world (Autism 2009). A person diagnosed with autism has a brain abnormality that affects normal brain function (Nordquist 2009). Most diagnoses of autism are usually never the same, even though, the symptoms are generally similar. Autism must not be confused with childhood schizophrenia or mental retardation, though the actions of children with these circumstances are sometimes related to that of autistic children (Autism 2009).Autism prevents children from developing normal social relationships, even with their parents (Autism 2009). Infants and Autism Autism is generally not diagnosed until two or three years old, but there is an extremely controversial argument on whether or not it could be diagnosed in infants. According to Canadian researchers, they could already see signs and symptom s of autism in infants at approximately six months old (Boyles 2005). The researchers believe that the infant is already predisposed with abnormal brain development inside their mother’s womb.The infants that Canadian researchers experimented were only limited to families that already had an older child born with autism (Boyles 2005). According to research conducted in an article of Developmental Psychology, it is not possible to diagnose and infant with autism (Charman et al. ,1997). The researchers conducted a study on thirty eight boys, separated into three different groups: Autism Risk Group, Developmental Delay Group, and Normal Group. The studies were based upon four different criteria: Empathy, Pretend Play, Joint Attention, and Imitation (Charman et al. 1997). Based on their results, it was not evident t to say whether or not a child could be diagnosed with Autism. This based upon the findings that children in the autism group and children in the developmental delay g roup were indistinguishable and the scorings were far too similar (Charman et al. , 1997) In another study conducted by Dalery et al. , they compared young children and infants who were clinically diagnosed with autism or developmental delay (DD).The researchers were trying to differentiate whether the existence of symptoms of autism making it possible to be a different developmental disorder and whether or not the symptoms increase with age (Dalery et al. 2006). In the results from children under 26 months, the findings were insignificant and eerily similar to the experiment conducted by Chairman et al. They were unable to determine if the clear signs of developmental delay or autism were definite (Dalery et al. 2006). Symptoms of Autism Children diagnosed with Autism act differently from one another and no two autistic children have the same symptoms or act the same (CDC 2007).Children with Autism have severe impairments with social, emotional, and communication skills. Some have difficulty accomplishing everyday tasks and have to maintain a consistent day to day routine (CDC 2007). A symptom of autism that affects many autistic children is they have an intricate time holding a conversation. Thus, they tend to have a hard time making friends because of this impairment (CDC 2007). Another symptom of autism is repetitive behavior. This causes a stimulating effect on the child (CDC 2007). For example, a child may consistently rock back and forth, or flip the pages of a book over and over again.Autistic children have a difficult time managing in an everyday life. Once a child is diagnosed with autism, (usually between the ages of 2-4), it stays with them for the remainder of their lives (CDC 2007). With the various symptoms of autism, repetitive behavior seems to be the most consistent symptom that is distinguishable in almost all autistic patients (Gray et al. 1995). To determine whether or not this is true, research was conducted in Australia. The researchers wanted to determine if repetitive behavior was a distinguishable sign of autism in children less than 51 months.Since there are many different types of repetitive behavior, the different types were classified into two categories: higher and lower levels of repetitive behavior (Gray et al. 1995). According to Gray et al. , higher level repetitive behavior is highly consistent with autistic children under the age of 51 months. Low level repetitive behavior was not a direct diagnosis with autism. A significant number of children with other developmental delay disorders often demonstrated aspects of lower level repetitive behavior (Gray et al. 1995). Autism and Public SchoolingWhen a parents makes the decision to enroll their autistic child into public school, it is often a difficult decision. Sometimes the decision is made because the parent does not have the means to send their child to a school specialized for autistic children. Other times it is because many autistic designed school s only accept unique or extreme cases and their child do not meet the requirements (Rudy 2009). Even though a public school is required to give adequate education to a child with a learning disability, how does the parent know what is adequate to the teacher (Rudy 2009)?A positive aspect of public schools is that children with autism can interact with normal developing peers. Researchers argue that this type of interaction may â€Å"provide opportunities for building relationships and developing social and communicative behaviors, in response both to the demands made by mainstream peers and the modeling their behavior provides (Whitaker 2004). † In a study conducted by Whitaker, the mainstream peers developed a routine with the autistic children. The mainstream peers seemed to understand and learn the routines of the autistic peer.Whether or not the autistic child received any awareness or pleasure from this type of interaction was harder to detect, even though they appeared to be enjoying themselves (Whitaker 2004). Parents of Children with Autism It is devastating for a parent to learn that their child has a severe health problem or developmental disability (Parenting a Child with Autism 2007). The first question that arises is, â€Å"How can we cure it? †, but autism is not â€Å"curable†. In the beginning, parents often find some kind of support to help them cope with the discovery or having an autistic child.They also need to educate themselves as much as possible and decide what is best for the child (Parenting a Child with Autism 2007). D. E. Gray conducts a study to see how parents of autistic children cope with their child’s illness over time. Between 1988 and 1990, he begins his study and the sample included 28 parents of autistic children. In the beginning, parents used 51 different methods to cope with the discovery of their child’s illness. D. E. Gray followed-up with these parents 8-12 years later and the method s parents used decreased dramatically to 27.Parents learned to cope with their child’s autism throughout time. Maybe this was due to the fact that the child had become less disruptive and was more orderly in their habits (D. E. Gray 2006). It also may have been due to the fact that their children were enrolled in special schools (only one was enrolled in public schools). In the beginning, parents still had to adapt to the changes in their environment and with their child. As their emotional distress decreased, so did their need for emotional support (D. E. Gray 2006). ConclusionWhile the causes of autism remain a great mystery, one fact is certain: Autism affects every area of learning throughout the child‘s life. Until research on autism provides more information about how autism affects the human brain, children and their parents who are affected will be unable to understand and fully deal with this disability. It is only with more information that we will learn the b est approach to teach autistic children and tackle this disability head on.

Oration piece †Life and works of Rizal Essay

When I was young and innocent, I used to dream of great and wonderful things for the Philippines. I dreamed to see the Philippine flag raised in each and every household, and at the same time singing our national anthem in a blaring voice and a smile on their faces. When I’m old enough to see the real state of our country, these dreams were shattered. I don’t see flags in people’s households but I see households broken. I don’t hear songs but I hear gunshots, cries and remorse. I don’t see smiles but marks of poverty. This was not the Philippines I was dreaming of. This is not what our national hero wished and died for. We need someone who can bring the change in our country. As Filipinos we need not a leader with wealthy family, or rooms of medals and diplomas. Rizal didn’t show off his achievements because people already know him as someone great. He doesn’t need to play a movie of all His works or achievement because his works spoke for themselves. I do say that we must win our freedom by deserving it, by improving the mind and enhancing the dignity of the individual. Loving what is just, what is good, what is great, even to the point of dying for it. Just like Rizal. Rizal is generous in all his endeavors in various fields science, mathematics, literature and the arts, giving it his all, therefore always emerging in excellence. The very person who should lead our country must be someone who has a heart for excellence. Rizal has great dreams for the Filipinos, and he never, not even once underestimated them. With unwavering trust and conviction, Rizal believes in the abilities of the Filipino people and banks on them for the progress of the Philippines. My fellow young men and women, if we want to establish a better Philippines, we need a real president who embodies the characteristics of Dr. Jose Rizal. Let us always remember that authority without love and sacrifice is definitely self serving . Rizal studied in different schools, some of these are Ateneo Municipal de Manila where he was declared one of the sobresaliente or outstanding, University of Santo Tomas where he switched from law to medicine.

High Profile Organizations Including the Police Force, Mining Industry Essay - 1

High Profile Organizations Including the Police Force, Mining Industry, Building Industry - Essay Example According to Schein (2010), organizational culture is one the factors that can affect better organization performance; hence, organizations should change their cultural behaviors in case they want to achieve better performance. Many companies are aware of increasing responsibilities to both employees and the society; thus, they have considered management issues as effective means for achieving their stated objectives. Therefore, organizations employ CSR model, stakeholder engagement strategy, social accountability concepts among others as effective means for monitoring social demands and managing their social response mechanisms. Organizations monitor social demands and manage social response mechanism through various ways. The CRS model is one of the mechanisms organizations employ in order to manage social response mechanism. CSR is a sustainable response model used in many organizations for monitoring an ensuring that the organizations actively comply with the required ethical standards, regulation and international norms. It is a self-regulating mechanism that embraces the responsibilities for the organization’ actions and encourages a positive response from stakeholders, employees and consumers (Carroll and Buchholtz, 2003). Social responsibility is one of the significant themes that organizations give considerable attention. This is through employing various models such as the CSR model for monitoring the responsibilities. The growing attention to organization ethics fits well in the evolution of thinking on the quality services offered to customers. Many companies have employed the CSR as a mode l for creating positive social change in organizations. For instance, the police force employs CSR through integrating corporate governance and other organization theories into various actors, which are driven by moral motives. The aim is to improve the quality of services and enable customers to achieve effective satisfaction. Organization design effective grievances mechanism and  dispute resolution methods through incorporating CSR strategy as one of the organizational management systems.  

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Leadership - Assignment Example Objectives of the change management programme were to, restructure the organisation, introduce a collaborative culture, and transform the organisation into an agile business. This section critically reviews the change management program, initiated by the management, through the human resources department (UKWON, 2008). Literature Review: Change management is often a traumatic experience, especially for old firms, since it can involve restructuring the organisation, bringing in process and technology changes, terminating or redeploying the older staffs that do not have the required skills for the new technologies. In many cases, the change begins at the organisation culture level as the firm tries to transform itself (Morgan, 1997). For these reasons, the initial resistance to change in many organisations is high, and the HR department needs to use finesse and tact in the change management process (Burnes, 2004). Different types of change management are developmental, transitional, transformational, planned, emergent, radical, incremental, episodic, and continuous. Developmental change seeks to correct existing processes, such as improving the skills or processes (Wilkins and Patterson, 1985). Transitional change is about seeking a different state, from the current state (Fernandez and Rainey, 2006 ). Transformational change tries to create an organisation that is significantly different from the existing state, and it can affect the culture, internal processes, strategy, and the organisational structure (Shaw, 1997). Each of these changes has their own methods and dynamics, and is implemented with different time spans, during which the organisation must change (UKWON, 2008). Leadership and change management process at BT: The forces of globalisation and the free market policy, which the UK government brought in, triggered the problem of change management at BT (Sperber, 1996). As a result, many new telecommunication

Internal Analysis of the NBA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Internal Analysis of the NBA - Assignment Example The paper will begin by analyzing the capabilities and resources NBA had before the 2010-2011 season; the analysis will be from a case study done by Coulter. The capabilities and resources in the 2010-2011 seasons will be analyzed. The best approach to the internal analysis of NBA will be discussed. The National Basketball Association (NBA) has undergone tremendous changes from a domestic sport to an international commercial sport and this indicates a major understanding of the resources and capabilities. All the success and efforts are attributed to the NBA commissioner David Stern who has helped NBA become a global brand. Professional basketball began in the mid-1990s and NBA gained the international game appeal. There are key players in the NBA who have sparked international interest. These players include Yao Ming of China, Dallas Mavericks’ Dirk Nowitzki of Germany, Pau Gasol of Spain, and Tony Parker of France, Denver Nuggets of Brazil, Gordan Giricek of Croatia and Darko Milicic of Serbia. All the mentioned are international basketball players. It is estimated that out of all the players in the NBA, 64 players come out of the United States territory. Other than the international players, NBA has taken its games globally. The NBA league has held several preseason games in the Latin America, Asia, and Europe. Among the major plans by the commissioner of NBA was the creation of multiple teams in the European region before the end of the 2000 decade. The NBA league has faced challenges like the retirement of Michael Jordan and the cancellation of almost a third of the league games in the mid-1 990s. The challenges almost crashed the NBA league. Stern, the commissioner of NBA addressed the issues by looking at what the NBA had to offer, that is the resources and capabilities.  

Groupon Inc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Groupon Inc - Research Paper Example It has resulted into numerous restatements of financial statements. Any material weakness means internal controls were ineffective and not able to detect misstatements or irregularities. This weakness was cited by the accounting firm as the cause of its revised earnings and revenues. An audit exception like that cited by Ernst & Young regarding the refund policy of the Groupon company is the cause of the inaccuracies in its financial statements. It is considered as a â€Å"material weakness† because the weakness is big enough or serious enough to impact the overall accuracy of the audited financial statements prepared by Ernst & Young. This particular ruling is contained under Auditing Standard No. 5 which states the requirements to be met by a firm to assess its managements effectiveness in instituting internal controls with regards to the financial reporting integrated with an audit of its financial statements.2 The crucial issue therefore causing the material weakness is the inability of Groupon to accurately predict the approximate amount of refunds it will give to customers who did not avail of promos based on varying coupon prices. It is a serious issue that impacts earning per share resulting in the stock price sliding 7% in a day. A monetary unit sampling (MUS) is a very useful method used by auditors to determine if a particular financial account is fairly stated.3 In the case of Groupon, the auditors must have a feeling its refund account is not stated accurately enough. The executives at Groupon admitted its difficulty with regards to estimating accurately the amount of refunds it will have to pay out due to the refund behavior of customers which started to shift or change around the year 2011 as a result of the company introducing higher-priced deals. This change in its mix of product deals means a requirement for increases in its reserve fund to deal with the higher-priced deals being unavailed and returned by some

Db3 1 training and development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Db3 1 training and development - Research Paper Example On the other hand, according to the report of Northern Illinois University (n.d.), summative assessment happens after the learning process is concluded. Hence, it sums up the instruction imparted and gained. The learning at this stage is incidental for e.g. through the conclusion of projects. The consultant should be able to blend technology with his/her work. The best way to do this would be to find the type of automation or software used by the company. This gives the consultant insights into the day-to-day activities of the company. While technology saves time for the company, the consultant can give the company inputs regarding effective use and change in technology in future. Northern Illinois University, Faculty Development and Instructional Design Center. Formative and Summative Assessment. Retrieved from https://www.azwestern.edu/academic_services/instruction/assessment/resources/downloads/formative%20and_summative_assessment.pdf Siebert, S. (2009). Training Validation Methods: A how-to guide for assessing participant learning. Raising Voices. Retrieved from

Immigration, visa, I 20, I94, staying in status, ICE, SEVP, SEVIS Essay

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Strategic Groups and Contribution to Industry Profitability Essay

Strategic Groups and Contribution to Industry Profitability - Essay Example Both institutions may belong to the same industry but do not compete directly with another, so the factors that affect either of them may not be critical in their success; instead, organisations within similar strategic groups ought to be considered (Amel and Froeb, 1991). In essence, a strategic group may be understood as a collection of firms that utilise common strategies and operate within common competitive environments. Membership within this entity determines the threats and opportunities that organisations are susceptible to as well as other components of their competitive environments. Knowledge of such information is critical in understanding why some strategic groups perform better than others and why firms cannot move between groups easily. The concept of mobility barriers captures the above changes; this term is analogous to entry barriers because it prevents companies from changing from less profitable strategic groups to ones that are more profitable. High mobility barriers in a strategic group assist in cementing positions of high performance for certain organisations and shield them from intense rivalry by new ones (Hill and Deeds, 1996). One way of understanding how strategic groups contribute to industry profitability is through an analysis of the motor vehicle market; a highly traditional yet technology-dependent industry. Organisations like Jaguar, Land Rover and Rolls Royce initially had vertically integrated business models. These companies operated within similar strategic groups where they took advantage of economies of scale as well as specialisation in order to maintain the competitive advantage. Even collision between them was common because they were not overly concerned about production costs; however, these dynamics altered upon arrival of Japanese firms (Noel and Eduardo, 2007). The new entrants did not place too much emphasis on vertical integration; instead, they preferred to forge close associations with their contractors. A process that made them stand out was just in time manufacturing, which focused on efficient production through low inventory as well as flexibility.